Activity limitations in leprosy and their association to cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze activity limitations in patients with leprosy and their association to cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms. METHODS: this cross-sectional design study included sixty patients with multibacillary leprosy assisted at a reference center. Participants were divided according to their physical disability and submitted to instruments assessing daily activities (basic and instrumental), cognitive functions, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The order of the instruments was random to avoid any interference of test sequence on the results. RESULTS: fifty-five percent of the participants presented physical disabilities. All patients were independent in performing basic activities but sixty-six percent presented difficulties in performing instrumental activities. Cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms were seen in advanced stages of the disease, but they were more associated to patient age than to leprosy. CONCLUSIONS: leprosy patients presented physical disabilities and difficulties in performing instrumental daily activities. Cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms were more associated to aging than to leprosy itself.

Activity limitations in leprosy and their association to cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms / Limitaciones de tarea en la enfermedad de Hansen y su relación con cognición y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos / Limitações de tarefa na hanseníase e sua associação com cognição e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze activity limitations in patients with leprosy and their association to cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Methods: this cross-sectional design study included sixty patients with multibacillary leprosy assisted at a reference center. Participants were divided according to their physical disability and submitted to instruments assessing daily activities (basic and instrumental), cognitive functions, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The order of the instruments was random to avoid any interference of test sequence on the results. Results: fifty-five percent of the participants presented physical disabilities. All patients were independent in performing basic activities but sixty-six percent presented difficulties in performing instrumental activities. Cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms were seen in advanced stages of the disease, but they were more associated to patient age than to leprosy. Conclusions: leprosy patients presented physical disabilities and difficulties in performing instrumental daily activities. Cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms were more associated to aging than to leprosy itself.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar limitaciones de tarea en pacientes con Lepra y su relación con cognición y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos. Métodos: este estudio transversal incluyó 60 pacientes con Lepra multibacilar atendidos en centro de referencia. Participantes fueron divididos segundo la disfunción física y evaluados cuanto a las actividades diarias (básicas y instrumentales), funciones cognitivas y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos. Orden de aplicación de los instrumentos aleatoria para evitar interferencia de la secuencia de tests sobre los resultados. Resultados: de los participantes, 55% presentaron disfunción física. Todos pacientes eran independientes en las actividades básicas, pero 66% mostraron dificultades en las actividades instrumentales. Declive cognitivo y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos fueron observados en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad, pero estos estaban más relacionados a la edad del paciente que a la Lepra. Conclusiones: pacientes con Lepra evidenciaron disfunción física y dificultades en las actividades instrumentales. Declive cognitivo y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos están más relacionados al envejecimiento que a la Lepra.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as limitações de tarefa em pacientes com hanseníase e sua associação com cognição e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. Métodos: este estudo transversal incluiu 60 pacientes com hanseníase multibacilar atendidos em um centro de referência. Os participantes foram divididos segundo a disfunção física e avaliados quanto às atividades diárias (básicas e instrumentais), às funções cognitivas e aos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. A ordem de aplicação dos instrumentos foi aleatória para evitar interferência da sequência dos testes sobre os resultados. Resultados: dos participantes, 55% apresentaram disfunção física. Todos os pacientes eram independentes nas atividades básicas, mas 66% mostraram dificuldades nas atividades instrumentais. Declínio cognitivo e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos foram observados em estágios avançados da doença, porém estes estavam mais associados à idade do paciente do que à hanseníase. Conclusões: pacientes com hanseníase evidenciaram disfunção física e dificuldades nas atividades diárias instrumentais. Declínio cognitivo e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos estão mais associados ao envelhecimento do que à hanseníase.

Cognitive function and activities of daily living in people affected by leprosy: A cross-sectional, population-based, case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: There has been controversy regarding whether or not people affected by leprosy have more cognitive dysfunction than healthy individuals. The purpose of this study was to assess cognitive functions and activities of daily living (ADL) in people affected by leprosy relative to a control population living in rural areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed cognitive functions and ADL using the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire (KDSQ), and Seoul-Instrumental ADL (S-IADL). Higher scores of K-MMSE and lower scores of both KDSQ and S-IADL are indicative of better functioning. We assessed 224 persons living in Sorokdo who were affected by leprosy and 448 age- and gender-matched control subjects living in Namwon of the Chonbuk province. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, gender, and educational status, the K-MMSE score was found to be significantly higher in people affected by leprosy than in control subjects (23.14 ± 4.89 vs. 22.25 ± 4.62, respectively, P = 0.022). Items related to memory in the KDSQ showed no differences between the groups, but people affected by leprosy had a better score in division for other cognitive functions than controls. On items related to ADL in the KDSQ and S-IADL, people affected by leprosy performed significantly worse compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that although people affected by leprosy have a lower capacity of ADL, they may have better cognitive functions than normal controls.

The prevalence of dementia and depression in Taiwanese institutionalized leprosy patients, and the effectiveness evaluation of reminiscence therapy--a longitudinal, single-blind, randomized control study.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the prevalence of depression and dementia in long-term institutionalized older leprosy patients in Taiwan. We then examined the effectiveness of reminiscence group therapy on depressive symptoms and cognitive function in this population. METHODS: We recruited 129 long-term institutionalized older leprosy patients in Taiwan and used the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF), the mini mental state examination (MMSE), and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale for outcome measurement. We then conducted a single-blind, randomized, longitudinal quasi-experimental analysis comparing the pre-test and post-test results of two equivalent groups at a 24-week intervention interval. The intervention in the experimental group was three sessions of reminiscence group therapy per week, whereas that in the control group was weekly individual supportive interviews. RESULTS: The prevalence of dementia was 45.7-50.4% according to a CDR score ≥ 0.5 and an MMSE score < 25, and the prevalence of depression was 25% based on a GDS-SF score ≥ 7. According to the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the GDS-SF scores in the experimental group decreased significantly (p = 0.02) after intervention as compared with that in the control group (p = 0.22), whereas the MMSE scores in both groups remained steady. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dementia and depression in long-term institutionalized older leprosy patients in Taiwan is high. Reminiscence group therapy has been confirmed effective on depression in this population, but its effectiveness on cognitive function requires further verification.

A importância de incluir neurossífilis no diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes com déficit cognitivo e alteração do comportamento / The importance of including neurosyphilis in the differential diagnosis of patients with cognitive decline and behavior disturbances

É resultado da infecção do cérebro, das meninges ou medula espinhal pelo Treponema pallidum e desenvolve-se em cerca de 25-40% das pessoas que não são tratadas para a sífilis. A demência por neurossífilis é uma manifestação tardia da sífilis e era causa frequente de deterioração cognitiva antes do aparecimento e da disseminação do uso da penicilina no tratamento das fases iniciais da doença. Embora incomum nos dias de hoje, a demência por neurossífilis ainda constitui diagnóstico diferencial a considerar-se, diante de síndromes demenciais atípicas ou com manifestações frontais, particularmente em populações menos favorecidas socialmente. Esse caso destaca a importância do diagnóstico precoce da neurossífilis, e que os médicos devem se alertar para a possibilidade desta doença em pacientes que apresentam demência, principalmente por pertencer ao grupo das demências potencialmente reversíveis,pois o tratamento adequado pode reverter o declínio cognitivo. E ainda, pelo aumento no número de casos de sífilis na última década, particularmente pela coinfecção com HIV, que pode acelerar o curso e alterar a resposta ao tratamento da sífilis. Este aumento da incidência de sífilis, observado também na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, poderá traduzir-se num acréscimo do número de casos de neurossífilis observados na prática clínica.

Neurosyphilis results from infection of the brain, meninges or spinal cord by Treponema pallidum and develops in about 25-40% of persons who are not treated for syphilis. Dementia by neurosyphilis is a late manifestation of syphilis and was a frequent cause of dementia before the advent and widespread use of penicillin in the treatment of early stages of the disease. Although uncommon today, dementia of neurosyphilis still a differential diagnosis to consider in the face of atypical dementia or with manifestations front, particularly in socially disadvantaged populations socially. This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis of neurosyphilis, which clinicians should alert the possibility of neurosyphilis in patients who present with dementia, mainly belonging to the group of potentially reversible dementias, because proper treatment can reverse cognitive decline. And also, by increasing the number of syphilis cases in the last decade, particularly in combination with HIV, which can acelerate the course and alter the response to treatment of syphilis. This increasedincidence of syphilis, also observed in Europe and the United States, could result in an increase in the number of cases of neurosyphilis observed in clinical practice.

Avaliação cognitiva, funcional e sintomas depressivos em pacientes idosos institucionalizados (PAP)

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar o nível de independência funcional, ocorrência de sintomas depressivos e o nível cognitivo de pacientes idosos institucionalizados. Para isso, avaliou-se a população idosa que reside no Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (ILSL), Bauru-SP. Como instrumentos de pesquisa foram utilizados: o Questionário de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica-15, o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental e o Índice de Barthel. A partir dos dados obtidos observou-se que quanto ao estado mental, uma pequena parcela dos idosos apresentou declínio cognitivo (22,7%), 45,4% apresentaram independência nas AVDs e 50% independência nas AIVDs e 27,3% apresentaram sintomas indicativos de depressão. Devido à escassez desse assunto, em particular na hanseníase, essa pesquisa fornece subsídios para a implantação de programas específicos para a terceira idade, a fim de gerar ações preventivas e propiciar o bem estar do idoso institucionalizado.